FT934-7926 _AN-DKRC7ABIFT 931118 FT 18 NOV 93 / End of 350 years of white domination: From Zulu wars to multi-racial democracy 1652 Dutch East India Company establishes post at the Cape 1816-28 Zulu kingdom rises under King Shaka 1836-40 Afrikaner farmers stage the Great Trek away from British rule 1838 Afrikaners defeat Zulus at Battle of Blood River 1899-1902 Anglo-Boer war ends with Afrikaner defeat 1910 Union of South Africa, parliament limited to whites 1912 South African Native National Congress, first national African political movement formed, later renamed ANC 1913 Africans limited to land ownership in 7 per cent of South Africa 1914 National Party formed 1921 South African Communist Party formed 1936 Native reserves increased from 7 to 13 per cent of all land 1948 National Party wins surprise victory, introduces apartheid which codifies and expands racial segregation 1950 Population Registration Act passed, classifying people by race; Group Areas Act enforces residential segregation 1952 ANC launches non-violent defiance campaign 1960 police kill 69 unarmed Africans in Sharpeville; ANC and PAC banned 1961 South Africa leaves Commonwealth, ANC abandons policy of non-violence 1964 Mandela and other ANC leaders sentenced to life for sabotage 1976 Soweto uprising, 1,000 protesters killed over following months 1977 Steve Biko, black consciousness leader, dies after police beatings 1978 PW Botha becomes Prime Minister 1979 African trade unions legalised 1982 Conservative Party breaks from National Party 1983 launch of United Democratic Front, umbrella anti-apartheid group 1984 tri-cameral parliament set up with separate white, coloured and Indian houses; prolonged violence in townships 1985 state of emergency imposed; President Botha delivers 'Rubicon' speech rejecting calls for change; debt moratorium imposed after overseas banks refuse to roll over loans; white South Africans hold talks in Zambia with ANC; press censorship imposed 1986 repeal of pass laws, which restricted African freedom of movement 1989 PW Botha suffers stroke and resigns; Botha meets Mandela in Cape Town before leaving office; National Party wins general election, FW de Klerk becomes president; De Klerk allows first mass protest marches; Walter Sisulu and other ANC leaders released 1990 De Klerk ends bans on ANC, PAC and SACP; Nelson Mandela released after 27 years in prison; first formal talks between ANC and government; nationwide state of emergency lifted; repeal of separate amenities act; ANC/Inkatha fighting spreads to Transvaal; ANC suspends armed struggle 1991 De Klerk announces repeal of apartheid laws; Winnie Mandela found guilty of kidnapping and accessory to assault; 'Inkathagate' scandal over secret government funding to Inkatha; National Peace accord signed 1992 whites vote by a large majority to end apartheid in a referendum; constitutional negotiations stall when 'Codesa' breaks down; Boipatong massacre leaves 40 ANC supporters dead; ANC holds mass action campaign, including general strike; 24 killed when troops open fire on ANC demonstrators in Ciskei homeland; Government releases political prisoners, bilateral talks resume 1993 ANC and Government agree on five-year multi-racial power sharing; multi-party democracy talks resume; ANC leader Chris Hani assassinated; multi-racial elections set for April 27, 1994; Inkatha and right wing withdraw from multi-party talks; Transitional Executive Council approved at multi-party talks, bringing blacks into central government for the first time; international economic sanctions lifted. Countries:- ZAZ South Africa, Africa. Industries:- P9199 General Government, NEC. P8651 Political Organizations. Types:- GOVT Government News. The Financial Times London Page 6