ROBERT V. KENYON

 

University of Illinois

Department of Computer Science

851 South Morgan Street, rm 1133

Chicago, IL 60607

(312) 996-0450 [kenyon @ uic.edu]

 

Professional Experience

2007‑Present

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Computer Science; Professor.

2007‑Present

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Bioengineering; Adjunct Professor.

2007-Present

Northwestern Medical School, Northwestern University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Adjunct Professor.

2001‑2007

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Computer Science; Associate Professor.

2004‑2007

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Bioengineering; Adjunct Associate Professor.

2004-2007

Northwestern Medical School, Northwestern University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Adjunct Associate Professor.

2006

College de France, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Visiting Associate Professor, January - August.

2000-2003

University of Washington, Department of Industrial Engineering, Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Visiting Associate Professor.

1996

Summer Research Associate at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.

1996

Summer Research Associate at Wright-State Univ., Dayton, OH.

1986‑2001

University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Associate Professor.

1985‑1986

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Associate Professor.

1979‑1986

Joint appointment: Whitaker Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School‑MIT Joint Programs.

1979‑1985

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Assistant Professor.

 

Consulting

1979

University of Dayton: Consultant on Eye Movement technology applied to Flight Simulation.

1980-1983

State University of New York: Consultant on real-time computers applied to human experimentation.

1982

Ad Hoc Advisor on Airlift, USAF Military Airlift Command: Visual factors associated with air refueling.

1982‑1984

HH Aerospace Design: Consultant on Flight Simulator Imaging technology.

1985‑1987

Environmental Tectonics Corp.: Consultant on performance measures of Pilots in high‑g centrifuge environment.

1985‑1987

Applied Sciences Laboratory: Consultant on Flight Simulator Display Technology.

1985‑1988

Director/Instructor of M.I.T. Summer course on: Fundamentals of Flight Simulation (for Industry/Government Professionals). Course taught with two other faculty.

1990

USAF School of Aerospace Medicine: Workshop on manual control methods and visual research; real-time data acquisition systems.

1990

Advanced Data Systems: Consultant for NFS report on thirty year projection of US computer needs and uses in science and industry.

1990‑Present

Legal Consultant on: Engineering, Computers, and Graphics.

1996

USAF Armstrong Aerospace Med. Res. Lab, Wright-Patterson, AFB, OH

1999-Present

General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Mi: Perception in Surround-Screen Stereoscopic Display Systems

2000-2003

Eastman Kodak Co., Human Factors in Virtual Environments.

 

Wright State University, Department of ECS, Dayton, OH.

 

Awards and Fellowships

1971-1972

Presbyterian St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago & University of Illinois Chicago Circle; Research Assistant.

S: 1973

Smith Kettlewell Institute of Visual Science; Research Assistant.

1973-1979

Pre-doctoral Trainee, National Institutes of Health.

1978-1979

Post Doctoral Fellowship, National Institutes of Health.

1975-1979

Assistant Director of Neuro-optometry Clinic, School of Optometry, Berkeley.

1978-1979

University of California, San Francisco; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Research Assistant.

S: 1979

Fellow, Faculty Research Program, U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

S: 1979

Southeastern Center for Electrical Engineering Education; Summer Faculty Research Fellow.

2001

External Team Member: Innovation Achievement Award, Eastman Kodak Co.

 

Education

University of California, Berkeley

1973‑1978

Ph.D.

Physiological Optics

University of Illinois, Chicago

1971‑1972

M.S.

Bioengineering

University of Rhode Island, Kingston

1966‑1971

B.S.

Electrical Engineering

 

PUBLICATIONS

Peer Reviewed Journals

1.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Bahill, A.T., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Eye movements during reading: Case Reports. Amer. Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 53: 389‑395, 1976.

 

2.       Bahill, A.T., Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Dynamic and static violations of Hering's Law of Equal Innervation. Amer. Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 53: 798‑808, 1976.

 

3.       Stark, L., Bahill, A.T., Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Phillips, S.: Neuro‑Optometry: An evolving specialty clinic. Amer. Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 54: 85‑96, 1977.

 

4.       Kenyon, R.V., Ciuffreda, K.J., and Stark, L.: Binocular eye movements during accommodative vergence. Vision Research 18: 545‑555, 1978.

 

5.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Increased saccadic latencies in amblyopic eyes. Inves. Optht. & Vis. Sci. 17: 697‑702, 1978.

 

6.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Processing delays in amblyopic eyes: Evidence from increased latencies. Amer. J. Opt. & Physiol. Optics 55: 187‑196, 1978.

 

7.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Different rates of functional recovery of eye movements during orthoptics treatment in an adult amblyope. Invest. Ophth. & Vis. Sci. 18: 213‑219, 1979.

 

8.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Abnormal saccadic substitution during constant velocity tracking in amblyopic eyes. Invest. Ophth. & Vis. Sci. 18: 506‑516, 1979.

 

9.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Saccadic intrusions in strabismus. Arch. Ophth. 97: 1673‑1677, 1979.

 

10.   Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Suppression of fixational saccades in strabismic and anisometroptic amblyopia. Ophthalmic. Res. 11: 31‑39, 1979.

 

11.   Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Increased drift in amblyopic eyes. Brit. J. Ophth. 64: 7‑14, 1980.

 

12.   Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Fixational eye movements in amblyopia and strabismus. Am. Ophth. Assoc. J. 50: 1251‑1258, 1979.

 

13.   Kenyon, R.V., Ciuffreda, K.J., and Stark, L.: Dynamic vergence eye movements in strabismus and amblyopia: Symmetric vergence. Invest. Ophth. & Vis. Sci. 18: 60‑74, 1980.

 

14.   Kenyon, R.V., Ciuffreda, K.J., and Stark, L.: An unexpected role for accommodative vergence in strabismus and amblyopia. Am. J. Ophth. and Physiol. Optics. 57: 566‑577, 1980.

 

15.   Kenyon, R.V., Ciuffreda, K.J., and Stark, L.: Unequal saccades during vergence. Am. J. Ophth. & Physiol. Optics. 57: 586‑594, 1980.

 

16.   Stark, L., Kenyon, R.V., Krishnan, V.V., and Ciuffreda, K.J.: Disparity Vergence: A proposed name for a dominant component of binocular vergence eye movements. Am. J. Ophth. & Physiol. Optics. 57: 606‑609, 1980.

 

17.   Kenyon, R.V., Ciuffreda, K.J., and Stark, L.: Asymmetric and accommodative vergence eye movements in strabismus and amblyopia. Brit. J. Ophthal. 66: 167‑176, 1981.

 

18.   Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Saccadic intrusions contributing to reading disability: A Case Report. Am. J. Ophthal. and Physiol. 60: 242‑249, 1983.

 

19.   Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Unequal saccades generated by velocity interactions in the peripheral oculomotor system. Mathematical Biosciences, 63: 187‑198, 1983.

 

20.   Parker, A.J., Kenyon, R.V. and Troxel, D.: Comparison of interpolating methods for image resampling. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, MF‑2: 31‑39, 1983.

 

21.   Stark, L., Ciuffreda, K.J., Grisham, J.D., Kenyon, R.V., Liu, J., Polse, K.: Accommodative disfacility presenting as intermittent exotropia. Ophthalmic. & Physiol. Optics, 4: 233‑244, 1984.

 

22.   Kenyon, R.V., Becker, J.T., Butters, N. and Hermann H.: Oculomotor function in Wernicke‑Korsakoff's syndrome: saccadic eye movements, Intern. J. NeuroSciences 25: 67‑79, 1984.

 

23.   Kenyon, R.V., Becker, J.T., and Butters, N.: Oculomotor function in Wernicke‑Korsakoff's Syndrome: Smooth pursuit eye movements, Intern. J. NeuroSciences 25: 53‑65, 1984.

 

24.   Parker, A.J., Kenyon, R.V. and Young, L.R.: Measurement of torsion from multi‑temporal images of the eye using digital signal processing techniques, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME‑32: 28‑36, 1985.

 

25.   Kenyon, R.V. A soft contact lens search coil for measuring eye movements. Vision Research 25: 1629‑1633, 1985.

 

26.   Kenyon, R.V. and Young, L.R.: MIT Canadian vestibular experiments on Spacelab‑1 mission: 5. Postural responses following exposure to weightlessness. Exp. Brain Res. 64: 335‑346, 1986.

 

27.   Young, LR, Oman, CM, Watt, DGD, Money, KE, Lichtenberg, BK, Kenyon RV, and Arrott, AR. MIT Canadian vestibular experiments on Spacelab‑1 mission: 1. Sensory adaptation to weightlessness and readaptation to one‑g: an overview. Exp. Brain Res. 64: 291‑298, 1986.

 

28.   Kenyon, R.V. Kerschmann R. and Silbergleit R: Streptomycin in the chick embryo: Post‑hatching vestibular behavior and morphology. Exp. Brain Res. 69: 260‑271, 1988.

 

29.   Cruz‑Neira C, Sandin D, Defanti T, Kenyon R, and Hart J., The CAVE Audio‑Visual Environment. ACM Trans. on Graphics, 35: 65‑72, 1992.

 

30.   Kenyon R. and Kneller, E., The Effects of Field‑of‑View Size on the Control of Roll Motion. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybern., 23:183‑193, 1993.

 

31.   Previc, F., Kenyon R., Boer, E., and Johnson, B., The Effects of Visual Roll Stimulation on Postural and Manual Control and Self‑Motion Perception. Perception and Psychophysics, 54: 93‑107, 1993.

 

32.   Kenyon R., Kerschman, R., Sgarioto, R., Jun S., and Vellinger J. Normal Vestibular Development in the Chicks after Exposure to Microgravity during Development. J. Vestibular Research, 5: 289-298, 1995.

 

33.   Kenyon RV, DeFanti TA, Sandin DJ. Visual Requirements for Virtual Environment Generation. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 3 (4), 211-214, 1995.

 

34.   Kenyon R and Afenya M, Training in Virtual and Real Environments, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 23: 445-455, 1995.

 

35.   Boer, E. R. and Kenyon R. V., Estimation of Time Varying Delay Time in Non-Stationary Linear Systems: An Approach to Monitor Human Operator Adaptation in Manual Tracking Tasks, IEEE Trans. Man, Systems and Cybern., 28(1): 89-99, 1998.

 

36.   Shapiro, MB and Kenyon, RV. Control variables in mechanical muscle models: A mini-review and a new model. Motor Control, 4, 329-349, 2000.

 

37.   Keshner E.A. and Kenyon R.V. The influence of an immersive virtual environment on the segmental organization of postural stabilizing responses. Journal of Vestibular Research, 10:207-219, 2000.

 

38.   Duh, H.B.L., Lin, J.J.W., Kenyon, R.V., Parker, D.E., Furness, T.A, Effects of Characteristics of Image Quality in an Immersive Environment. Presence, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2002.

 

39.   Keshner E.A., Kenyon R.V., and Langston, J. Postural Responses Exhibit Intra-Modal Dependencies with Discordant Visual and Support Surface Motion, Journal of Vestibular Research 14, 307-319, 2004.

 

40.   Kenyon, R.V., Leigh, J, and Keshner, E.A. Considerations for the Future Development of Virtual Technology as a Rehabilitation Tool. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, (1) 1: 13, 2004.

 

41.   Keshner E.A. and Kenyon R.V. Using immersive technology for postural research and rehabilitation. J. Assistive Technology, 16:1, 54-62, 2004.

 

42.   Patton, J., Dawe, G., Scharver, C., Mussa-Ivaldi, F., Kenyon, R.V. Robotics and Virtual Reality: A Perfect Marriage for Motor Control Research and Rehabilitation, J. Assistive Technology, 18 (2), 2006.

 

43.   Keshner, EA, Dokka, K. and Kenyon, RV. Influences of the Perception of Self-Motion on Postural Parameters in a Dynamic Visual Environment. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 9 (2), 163-166, 2006.

 

44.   Dvorkin, AY., Kenyon, RV, and Keshner, EA. Reaching Within a Dynamic Virtual Environment. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2007, 4:23, 2007.

 

45.   Fischer HC, Stubblefield K, Kline TL, Luo X, Kenyon RV, Kamper DG. Hand Rehabilitation Following Stroke: A Pilot Study of Assisted Finger Extension Training in a Virtual Environment. Topics in Stroke Rehab 2007; 14: 1-12.

 

46.   Kenyon, R.V., Sandin, D. Smith, R., Pawlicki, R. and Defanti, T. Size-Constancy in the CAVE, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 172-187, 2007.

 

47.   Streepey, J, Kenyon, RV, and Keshner, EA. Field of view and base of support width influence postural responses to visual stimuli during quiet stance. Gait and Posture, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp. 49-55, 2007.

 

48.   Streepey, J, Kenyon, RV, and Keshner, E.A. Visual motion combined with base of support width reveals variable field dependency in healthy young adults. Exp. Brain Res, Vol. 176, No. 1, pp. 182-187, 2007.

 

49.   Gauthier, Gabriel; Hansmann, Doug; Kenyon, Bob; Semmlow, John; Usui, Shiro and Young, Larry. Editorial: The arts and sciences of Lawrence Stark. Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 37, Issue 7, 898-902, 2007.

 

50.   Dvorkin, A., Kenyon, R.V., and Keshner, E.A. Reaching within a dynamic virtual environment. Journal NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 4(23), 2007.

 

51.   Kenyon, R.V., Phenany, M., Sandin, D. and Defanti, T. Accommodation and Size-Constancy of Virtual Objects. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol 36, No 2 , pp. 342-348, 2008.

 

52.   Dvorkin, Assaf ; Kenyon, Robert; Keshner, Emily. Effects of roll visual motion on online control of arm movement: reaching within a dynamic virtual environment. Experimental Brain Research. 193(1):95-107, 2009.

 

53.   Dokka, K, Kenyon, R. and Keshner, K. Influence of visual scene velocity on segmental kinematics during stance. Gait and Posture, Gait and Posture, 30(2): 211-216, 2009.

 

54.   Dokka K, Kenyon RV, Keshner EA, Kording KP.  Self versus Environment Motion in Postural Control. PLoS Comput Biol 6(2): e1000680, 2010.

 

55.   Wang Y, Kenyon RV, Keshner EA. Identifying the control of physically and perceptually evoked sway responses with coincident visual scene velocities and tilt of the base of support. Exp Brain Res.  201(4):663-72, 2010.

 

56.   Connelly L, Jia Y, Toro ML, Stoykov ME, Kenyon RV, Kamper DG. A pneumatic glove and immersive virtual reality environment for hand rehabilitative training after stroke. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 18(5):551-9. 2010.

 

57.   Gurses, S, Kenyon, R. and Keshner, K. Examination of time-varying kinematic responses to support surface disturbances. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 6(1), pp: 85-93, 2011.

 

58.   F. Abdollahi, E. Case, M. Listenberger, R. Kenyon, M. Kovic, R. Bogey, D. Hedeker, B. Jovanovic, J. Patton. “Error augmentation enhancing arm recovery in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized crossover design.” Journal of Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2013.

 

59.   F. Abdollahi, R. Kenyon, J. Patton. “Mirror versus parallel bimanual reaching” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 10:71, 2013.

 

Peer Reviewed Conference Papers

1.       Stark, L, Shults, T., Ciuffreda, K.J., Hoyt, W.F., Kenyon, R.V., and Ochs, A.: Voluntary nystagmus is saccadic: Evidence for motor and sensory mechanisms. Proc. of the Joint Automatic Control Conference, v. 2, June, 1977, pp: 1410-1414.

 

2.       Kenyon, R.V., and Stark, L.: Unequal saccades produced by non-linear plant dynamics. IEEE Inter. Conf. on Cybern. & Soc. pp: 596‑599, October 8‑10, 1980.

 

3.       Kenyon, RV., and Lichtenberg, BK.: Measurement of ocularcounterrolling (OCR) by polarized light. Proceedings of SPIE: Polarizers and Applications, 307, pp: 79-82, 1981.

 

4.       Kenyon RV, and Kneller, EW. Human performance and field‑of‑view. Soc. for Inform. Display Intern. Sympos., 23, pp:290‑293, 1992.

 

5.       Boer ER and Kenyon RV, Identification of Time Varying Systems, IEEE Inter. Conf. on Biomedical Engineering, Oct 29- Nov 1 pp: 1481-1482, Paris, 1992.

 

6.       Ghazisaedy M, Adamczyk D, Sandin D, Kenyon R, and Defanti T, UltraSonic Calibration of a Magnetic Tracker in a Virtual Reality Space. Proceedings of the IEEE Annual Virtual Reality International Symposium (VRAIS) (Raleigh, NC, March 11-15), pp: 179-188, 1995.

 

7.       Reynolds, W.D. and Kenyon, R.V., The Wavelet Transform and the Suppression Theory of Binocular Vision for Stereo Image Compression. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Switzerland, Sep. 16-19, pp: 557-560, 1996.

 

8.       Isabelle, SK, Gilkey, RH, Kenyon, RV, Valentino, G, Flach J, Spenny, C., Anderson TR., Defense applications of the CAVE (CAVE automatic virtual environment). Proceedings of SPIE: 11th Annual Conference on Aerospace/sensing simulation and control. Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications, Ed: D, Hopper, SPIE Vol. 3057, pp: 118-125, Orlando, Fl, April 20-25, 1997.

 

9.       Boer, E.R.; Kenyon, R.V. Adaptation asymmetry in manual tracking. IEEE Intern. Conf. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 'Computational Cybernetics and Simulation', Oct 12-15. pp: 3630-3635, vol.4 Orlando, FL, 1997.

 

10.   Leigh, J, Park, K, Kenyon, RV, Johnson, AE, DeFanti, TA. Wong, H. Preliminary STARTAP Tele-Immersion Experiments between Chicago and Singapore, 3rd High Performance Computing Asia Conference & Exhibition, 22-25, pp. 687-693, September, 1998, Singapore.

 

11.   Mascarenhas, R., Karumuri, D., Buy, U., and Kenyon, R. Modeling and analysis of a virtual reality system with time Petri nets. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Software Engineering, pp: 33-42, Kokyo, Japan, April 20-22, 1998.

 

12.   Park, K and Kenyon, RV. Effects of Network Characteristics on Human Performance in the Collaborative Virtual Environment. IEEE Virtual Reality '99 Conference, Ed: L. Rosenblum, P. Astheimer, D. Teichmann, pp: 104-111, March 14-17, 1999, Houston Tx, 1999.

 

13.   J Leigh , A Johnson, T DeFanti, M Brown, M Ali, S Bailey, A Banerjee, P Banerjee,J Chen, K Curry, J Curtis, F Dech, B Dodds, I Foster, S Fraser, K Ganeshan, D. Glen, R. Grossman, R. Heiland, J Hicks, A. Hudson, T Imai, M Khan, A Kapoor, R Kenyon, J Kelso, R Kriz, C Lascara, X Liu, Y Lin, T Mason, A Millman, K Nobuyuki, K Park, B Parod, P. Rajlich, M Rasmussen,, M Rawlings, D.Robertson, S Thongrong, R. Stein, K Swartz, S Tuecke, H Wallach, H Wong, G.Wheless, A Review of Tele-Immersive Applications in the CAVE Research Network. IEEE Virtual Reality '99 Conference, Ed: L. Rosenblum, P. Astheimer, D. Teichmann, pp: 180-187, March 14-17, 1999, Houston Tx.

 

14.   Duh, H.B.L., Lin, J.J.W., Kenyon, R.V., Parker, D.E., Furness, T.A., (2001), Effects of field of view on balance in an immersive environment, Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2001 (IEEE VR 2001), Yokohama, Japan, pp 235-240, 2001.

 

15.   Keshner, E.A. and Kenyon R.V. (2002) The development of an immersive laboratory for postural research and rehabilitation. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Virtual Reality in Mental Health and Rehabilitation, EPFL, Lausanne Switzerland, November, 2002.

 

16.   Keshner, EA and Kenyon RV. Postural control shifts with sensory discordance. International Society for Posture and Gait Research. March 23 - 27, Sydney, Australia. 2003

 

17.   Patton, J. L., G. Dawe, Scharver, C., Muss-Ivaldi, F. A., Kenyon, R. Robotics and Virtual Reality: A Perfect Marriage for Motor Control Research and Rehabilitation. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference (EMBS), pp:4840-4843, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2004.

 

18.   Keshner, EA., Kenyon, RV., Dhaher, Y. Using Immersive Technology for Postural Research and Rehabilitation, 26th Intern. Conf IEEE EMBS, pp: 4862-4865, San Francisco, September 1-5, 2004.

 

19.   Kenyon, RV., Leigh, J., Networked Virtual Environments and Rehabilitation, 26th Intern. Conf IEEE EMBS, pp: 4832-4835, San Francisco, September 1-5, 2004.

 

20.   Keshner, E.A., Kenyon, R.V. (2005). Visual context affects postural strategies in healthy and labyrinthine deficient elderly. International Society for Posture and Gait Research, Marseilles, France, May 29-June 2, 2005.

 

21.   Kenyon, R.V., Gurses, S., Keshner, E.A. (2005). Determining the effects of visual and self-motion inputs on intersegmental postural responses. International Society for Posture and Gait Research, Marseilles, France, May 29-June 2, 2005

 

22.   Scharver, C, Patton, J, Kenyon, R, Kersten, E (2005) Comparing adaptation of constrained and unconstrained movements in three dimensions, Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp: 434-439, Chicago, IL . 28 June-1 July 2005

 

23.   Luo, X., Kline, T., Fischer, H.C., Stubblefield, K.A., Kenyon, R.V., Kamper, D.G. Integration of Augmented Reality and Assistive Devices for Post-Stroke Hand Opening Rehabilitation. 27th Intern. Conf IEEE EMBS, Sept 1-4., pp: 6855-6858, Shanghai, China, 2005.

 

24.   X. Luo, R. V. Kenyon, D. G. Kamper. An Augmented Reality Training Environment for Post-Stroke Finger Extension Rehabilitation. In: IEEE-International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp: 329 - 332, Chicago, IL, 28 June-1 July 2005

 

25.   Patton, J.L., Wei, Y., Scharver, C., Kenyon, R.V., Scheidt, R., (2006) Motivating Rehabilitation by Distorting Reality, BioRob 2006: The first IEEE / RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, pp.  869 – 874, February 20-22, 2006.

 

26.   Dvorkin A.Y., Kenyon R.V. & Keshner E.A. (2006) Reaching within a dynamic virtual environment. In: IEEE 5th International Workshop on Virtual Rehabilitation. p. 182-186, NY, Aug. 2006.

 

27.   Xun Luo, Kenyon, R., Kamper, D., Sandin, D., DeFanti, T. "The Effects of Scene Complexity, Stereovision, and Motion Parallax on Size Constancy in a Virtual Environment," IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, 2007. VR '07, pp.59-66, 10-14 March 2007.

 

28.   Dokka K, .Keshner EA, and Kenyon RV. Influence of visual and support surface velocities on head position. International Society for Posture and Gait Research, p. 121, Vermont, July 14-18, 2007.

 

29.   Yun Wang; Kenyon, R.V.; Keshner, E.A., "Virtual scene velocity influences postural responses to an inclined base of support," Virtual Rehabilitation, pp.41-44, 25-27 Aug. 2008

 

30.   Rozario S, Housman S, Kovic M, Kenyon R, Patton J. Therapist-mediated post-stroke rehabilitation using haptic/graphic error augmentation. In: IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology Conference (EMBC), Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2009:1151-6, 2009.

 

31.   Xun Luo and Kenyon, R.V. "HAMERA: A device for hand profile construction in the pervasive environment," IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications. PerCom 2009, pp.1-6, 9-13 March 2009.

 

32.   Xun Luo and Kenyon, R.V. "Scalable Vision-based Gesture Interaction for Cluster-driven High Resolution Display Systems," IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. VR 2009, pp.231-232, 14-18 March 2009.

 

33.   Gurses, S, Kenyon, RV, Keshner, EA. Time-Varying Kinematic Responses to Support Surface Disturbances. In: International Society of Posture & Gait Research XIX Satellite PreConference, pp: XX-XX, June 19-20, Pavia, Italy 2009.

 

34.   Gurses, S, Kenyon, RV, Keshner, EA. Examination of Time-Varying Kinematic Responses to Support Surface Disturbances. In: IFAC 7th Symposium on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems. pp: XX-XX, August 12-14, Aalborg, Denmark, 2009.

 

35.   Rozario S, Housman S, Kovic M, Kenyon R, Patton J (2009) Therapist-mediated post-stroke rehabilitation using haptic/graphic error augmentation. In: IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology Conference (EMBC), Minneapolis, MN, USA

 

36.   L Connelly, ME Stoykov, Y Jia, ML. Toro, RV. Kenyon, and DG. Kamper. Use of a Pneumatic Glove for Hand Rehabilitation Following Stroke. IEEE EMBS, pp: 2434-2437, April 23, 2009, Minneapolis, MN.

 

37.   Bansal, D, Kenyon, RV, Patton, J. Skill Generalization Relevant to Robotic Neuro-rehabilitation. 32nd Annual International IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 1-4 September, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp: 2250–2254, 2010.

 

38.   F. Abdollahi, S.V. Rozario, R.V. Kenyon, E.D. Case, M. Kovic, M.D. Listenberger, J.L. Patton. “Arm control recovery enhanced by error augmentation,” ICORR: International conference on rehabilitation robotics, pp 1059-1064, June 29 – July 1, 2011.

 

39.   Kenyon, R.V., Leigh, J., "Human Augmentics: Augmenting human evolution," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE , pp.6758-6761, Aug. 30 2011-Sept. 3 2011.

 

40.   Mateevitsi1V, Haggadone B, Leigh J, Kunzer B, Kenyon RV. Sensing the environment through SpiderSense, AH’13, March 07 - 08 2013, Stuttgart, Germany.

 

41.   F. Abdollahi, R. V. Kenyon, J. Patton. Simultaneous Rather Than Sequential Training Is Superior When Learning Bimanual Drawing Task. 35th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference. 2013 [Poster]

 

42.   J. Novak, J. Archer, V. Shafiro, R. Kenyon, J. Leigh. On-line audio dilation for interactive speech communication. 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Lyon, France, 25-29 August, 2013 [Show & Tell]

 

Book Chapters and Theses

1.       Kenyon, R.V.: Classification of Single Unit Potentials from the Medial Rectus Eye Muscle. Master's Thesis, University of Illinois, December 1972.

 

2.       Kenyon, R.V.: Vergence Eye Movements in Strabismus and Amblyopia. Doctoral Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1978.

 

3.       Stark, L., Hoyt, W.F., Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V., and Hsu, F.: Overlapping and truncated saccades produce voluntary nystagmus. In: Oculomotor Models, B. Zuber, Ed., 1980.

 

4.       Ciuffreda, K.J. and Kenyon, R.V.: Accommodative Vergence. In: Basic & Clinical Aspects of Binocular Vergence Eye Movements, eds. C. Schor, and K.J. Ciuffreda, Butterworths, Boston, 1983.

 

5.       Young, LR, Oman, CM, Watt, DGD, Money, KE, Lichtenberg, BK, Kenyon RV, Arrott AR, and Modestino, SA. Vestibular changes following ten days of weightlessness. In: Sensory‑motor Functions Under Weightlessness and Space Motion Sickness, Mitarai, G. and Igarashi, M. (eds.), U. Nagoya Press, 1985.

 

6.       Patton JL, Wei Y, Hitchens J, Scharver C, Kenyon RV. Exploiting the natural adaptive capacity of the nervous system for motor learning & rehabilitation. In: Basic Motor control to Functional Recovery IV. Ganchev N (ed).  Martin Drinov Academic Publishing House, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp 272-280, 2005.

 

7.       Keshner, EA, and Kenyon, RV. Postural and Spatial Orientation Driven by Virtual Reality. In: Advanced Technologies in Neurorehabilitation, eds. A. Gaggioli, E. Keshner, G. Riva, and P.L. Weiss, IOS Press, 2009.

 

Other Conference Papers

1.       Kenyon, R.V., The CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment: Characteristics and Applications. Human-Computer Interaction and Virtual Environments, Ed. Ahmed Noor, NASA Conference Publication #3320, November, pp 149-168, 1995.

 

2.       Tom Moher, Andy Johnson, Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown, Dan Sandin, Jason Leigh, Bob Kenyon. HCI Research at the Electronic Visualization Laboratory. CHI, 2000.

 

43.   Keshner E.A., Kenyon R.V., Dhaher Y., and Streepey J.W. Employing a virtual environment in postural research and rehabilitation to reveal the impact of visual information. International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality, and Associated Technologies. New College, Oxford, UK, pp: 209-214, Sept. 20-22, 2004.

 

3.       Keshner, E.A., Kenyon, R.V., and Dhaher, Y. Impact of visual information on posture is influenced by other sensory inputs. Proceedings of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology (ISEK), Boston, MA, pp:52, June 18-21, 2004.

 

4.       J. W. Streepey, E. A. Keshner, and R. V. Kenyon, Visual Search for a Target in a Virtual Environment: Effects on Stabilization of Posture in Young and Elderly, XVth Congress of Intern. Soc. of Electrophysiology & Kinesiology, Boston, MA, pp: 52, June 18-21, 2004

 

5.       Kenyon R., Patton J.L., Dawe G., Scharver C., Muss-Ivaldi F. A., (2004) Robotics and Virtual Reality: Research in Rehabilitation, 4th International Symposium on Future Medical Engineering based on Bio-nanotechnology. Sendai, Japan. June 24-25, 2004.

 

6.       Xun Luo, Jianhong Zhou, Robert V. Kenyon. Mining Interference Patterns for Electromagnetic Tracking Device Calibration. The 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, August, Shanghai China, 2005.

 

7.       Kenyon R., Phenany M., Sandin D. (2005) Accommodation in Size-Constancy for Virtual Objects. Technical Memorandum, , University of California at Berkeley

 

8.       Patton, JL, Wei, Y, Scharver, C, Kenyon, RV, Scheidt, R (2006) Motivating Rehabilitation by Distorting Reality, BioRob 2006 The first IEEE / RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics Pisa, Tuscany, Italy February 20-22, 2006.

 

Project Reports

1.       Kenyon, R.V. Effects of enhanced disparity on manual control, Final Report, AF Office of Scientific Research, 1981.

 

2.       Kenyon, R.V., Zeevi, Y.Y., Wetzel, P. and Young, L.R.: Eye movements in response to single and multiple targets. AFHRL Technical Report # AFHRL‑TR‑84‑29, January 1984.

 

3.       Kenyon, RV, Kneller, E, Young, LR. Design and preliminary testing of a wide‑field‑of‑view display for pilot disorientation research, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Final Report, 1985.

 

4.       Kenyon, RV, Adkins, S, and Young, LR. Development and Testing of Visual Display and Performance Task for USAFSAM Centrifuge, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Final Report, 1985.

 

5.       Kenyon, RV, Kneller, E. Construction and implementation of a wide‑field‑of‑view display for pilot disorientation research. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Final Report, 1987.

 

6.       Kenyon RV, Adkins S. Development and testing of a visual display and a performance task for the USAFSAM centrifuge. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Final Report, 1987.

 

7.       Kenyon RV, Boer E. The Nature of Visual Vestibular Interactions During Spatial Disorientation. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Progress Report, 1990.

 

8.       Kenyon RV, Boer E. The Nature of Visual Vestibular Interactions During Spatial Disorientation. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Progress Report, 1990.

 

9.       Kenyon RV, Boer E. The Nature of Visual Vestibular Interactions During Spatial Disorientation. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks, AFB, TX. Final Report, 1991.

 

10.   DeFanti, TA, Sandin, DJ, Kenyon, RV, Quantitative Assessment of Transfer of Training in the CAVE Virtual Environment and its Relevance to the National Information Infrastructure. NSF Award #IRI-9424272 Annual Report, Electronic Visualization Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, May 1996-May 1997

 

11.   Kenyon, RV, Sandin, DJ,. Spatial Discordance in Virtual Environments. Final Report, General Motors Research and Development Division, Warren, MI, contract #2-5-37457. December 13, 2002.

 

Published Abstracts

1.       Kenyon R.V., Ciuffreda, K.J and Stark, L. Binocular eye movements during accommodative vergence. The Assoc. for Res. in Vision and Ophthal. (ARVO), April 26-30, Sarasota, Fl, 1976.

 

2.       Stark, L, Shults, T., Ciuffreda, K.J., Hoyt, W.F., Hsu, F., Kenyon, R.V., and Ochs, A.: Voluntary nystagmus is saccadic: Evidence for motor and sensory mechanisms. The Assoc. for Res. in Vision and Ophthal. (ARVO), April 25-29, Sarasota, Fl, 1977.

 

3.       Ciuffreda, K.J., Kenyon, R.V and Stark, L. Increased saccadic latencies in amblyopic eyes. The Assoc. for Res. in Vision and Ophthal. (ARVO), April 30-May 5, Sarasota, Fl, 1978.

4.       Kenyon, R.V.. EMG burst reversals during dynamic overshoot, Presented at Workshop on Modeling Control of Eye Movements, Carnegie‑Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, October, 1981.

 

5.       Kenyon, R.V., Medina, A. and Zeevi, Y.Y., Effects of attention on detection of flashed peripheral targets, Presented at Oculomotor Society, Chicago, IL, November 1982.

 

6.       Parker, A.J., and Kenyon, R.V.: Comparison of interpolating methods for image resampling. Presented at Society of Nuclear Medicine, St. Louis, MO, June 1983.

 

7.       Kenyon, R.V., Becker, J.T., Butters, N. and Hermann, H.: Oculomotor function in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome, Presented at Society for Neurosciences, Boston, MA, October 1983.

 

8.       Young, L.R. and Kenyon, R.V.: Assessment of postural control in man following exposure to weightlessness, Presented at International Society of Posturography, Houston, TX, November, 1983.

 

9.       Kenyon, R.V. and Young, L.R.: Postural re‑adaptation following exposure to weightlessness, presented at Society for Neurosciences, Anaheim, CA., October 1984.

 

10.   Previc, F. and Kenyon R.: The Effects of Dynamic Visual Roll on Postural and Manual Control and Self‑Motion Perception. Aerospace Med. Assoc. Conf, May 1991.

 

11.   Kenyon R and Afenya M, Transfer-of-Training between Virtual and Real Environments, Annual Conference on Vision and Movement in Man, and Machine, Berkeley CA. June 23-24, 1994.

 

12.   Gleason, G.A. and Kenyon R.V. The Mandelbaum Effect may not be due to involuntary mis‑Accommodation. Invest Ophth Vis Sci, 38: (4) 4554-4554 Part 2 Mar 15 1997.

 

13.   Kenyon, RV and Keshner, EA. Visual Field Effects on Body Stability. 9th Annual Meeting of the
Society for the Neural Control of Movement, Princeville, HI, April 16-19, 1999.

 

14.   Kenyon, RV and Keshner, EA. Segmental Postural Stabilizing Responses in an Immersive Virtual Environment. Presented at Society for Neurosciences, New Orleans, LA, November 4 - 9, 2000.

 

15.   Shapiro, MB, Kenyon, RV, Gottlieb GL. A Model of the Time-Optimal Control of Point-To-Point Human Voluntary Movement. Presented at Society for Neurosciences, New Orleans, LA, November 4 - 9, 2000.

 

16.   Keshner, EA and Kenyon, RV. Locomotion in a dynamic immersive virtual environment. Symposium of the International Society for Postural and Gait Research, June 23-27, 2001.

 

17.   Keshner E.A. and Kenyon R.V. Discordant multi-modal inputs influence postural strategies. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 2002.

 

18.   Keshner E.A. and Kenyon R.V. Postural responses increase complexity with visual-vestibular discordance. Abstract presented at the 6th NASA Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in the Exploration of Space, Portland OR, October, 2002, J Vestibular Res, 11: 336, 2002.

 

19.   Keshner E.A. and Kenyon R.V. Postural control shifts with sensory discordance. International Society for Posture and Gait, Sydney Australia, 2003.

 

20.   Keshner E.A. and Kenyon R.V. Visual and platform perturbations produce out of plane postural reactions. International Society for Posture and Gait, Sydney Australia, 2003.

 

21.   Patton JL and Kenyon R, Robotic Neurorehabilitation using State-of-the-art Robotics and Augmented Reality Displays, Invited talk at the Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America (RESNA) Research Symposium on Use of Virtual & Augmented Reality in Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Practice, Atlanta, June. 2003.

 

22.   Patton JL, Kenyon R, Exploiting the adaptive tendencies of the nervous system for rehabilitation of brain injury: the PARIS-Robotic system, Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America (RESNA), Atlanta, June, 2003.

 

23.   E.A. Keshner, R.V. Kenyon, and Y. Dhaher, Impact of Visual Information on Posture is Influenced by Other Sensory Inputs, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 2003.

 

24.   Keshner, EA. and Kenyon, RV. Virtual Reality: Its Use and Potential in Science, XVth Congress of Intern. Soc. of Electrophysiology & Kinesiology, Boston, MA, June 18-21, 2004

 

25.   Streepey J, Kenyon RV, Keshner EA. Visual field motion alters the postural response to a minimized support surface. Soc. Neurosci Abstr, 2004.

 

26.   Kenyon R., Patton J.L., Dawe G., Scharver C., Muss-Ivaldi F. A., (2004) PARIS and Robots: Research in Rehabilitation. International Conference Series on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, New College, Oxford, UK, 20-22 September 2004.

 

27.   Streepey J, Kenyon RV, Keshner EA. Visual field motion affects postural responses of labyrinthine deficient patients to support surface perturbations. Soc. Neurosci Abstr, 2005.

 

28.   Kenyon R., Phenany M., Sandin D. Accommodation in Size-Constancy for Virtual Objects. Annual Conference on Vision and Movement in Man, and Machine, Berkeley CA. May 26-27, 2005.

 

29.   Dvorkin, AY., Kenyon, RV., Keshner, EA.. Effect of visual motion on reaching within a virtual environment. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 2006.

 

30.   Wang Y, Kenyon, RV, Keshner, EA. Virtual Scene Velocity Influences Postural Responses to an Inclined Base of Support. Virtual Rehabilitation 2008, Vancouver, CAN, August 25-27, 2008.

 

31.   Abodollahi, F, Kenyon, R. Speed Perception and the Leibowitz Hypothesis. IEEE EMBS, 2008 St. Louis, MO. [Poster]

 

32.   J. Novak, J. Archer, V. Shafiro, R. Kenyon, J. Leigh. On-line audio dilation for interactive speech communication. Midwest Speech and Language Days. Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago May 2-3, 2013 [Demonstration]

 

 

Invited Lectures

1.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, October, 2007.

2.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. Virtual Images Seminar, CNRS: College de France & Renault Corp, Paris, France, June, 2006.

3.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. ETH and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, June, 2006.

4.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. Laboratoire de Mouvement et Perception, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseilles, France, May, 2006.

5.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. Institut de Psychologie Université Paris V, René Descartes, Paris, France, March, 2006.

6.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, College de France, Paris, France, February 2006.

7.       ''Size Constancy in the CAVE''. Man-Vehicle Laboratory, MIT, September, 2006.

8.       ''Virtual Reality and Machines: Research and Rehabilitation''. Human Motion Simulation Laboratory, University of Michigan, November 16, 2005.

9.       The 4th International Symposium on Future Medical Engineering based on Bio-nanotechnology, Sendai, Japan, June 25, 2004.

10.   Fostering Inter-Connectivity Of Health Informatics at UIC, Human factors and Graphics, Chicago, IL, February 26, 2002

11.   Chairman, State of the Science Conference: VR-Haptics: Environments and Advanced Interface Technologies, National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, October 12-13, 2001.

12.   Medical Rehabilitation on the Move - Spotlight on Bioengineering. Sponsor: National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR) of NICHD, Washington DC, January 4-5, 2001.

13.   Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago ''Segmental Postural Stabilizing Responses in an Immersive Virtual Environment'', Chicago, IL., 2000

14.   General Motors Research & Development Virtual Environments Laboratory Workshop: Perception in Surround-Screen Stereoscopic Display Systems, ''Hitting 3-D Targets in the CAVE'', Warren Mi., October 1999.

15.   IEEE EMBS Workshop: Virtual Reality in Medicine, ''Virtual Environment Characteristics for Training Transfer'', 1997 International IEEE Engineering Medicine and Biology Conference, Chicago, 1997.

16.   ''Virtual Environments for Engineering Education''. The Annual Pathfinder Conference, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH., August 21 - 22, 1997.

17.   Cambridge Basic Research, Nissan Inc. ''The Use of Virtual Environments for Research and Design''. Cambridge, MA. February 1997.

18.   USAF Armstrong Aerospace Med. Res. LAB, Wright-Patterson, ''The Mandelbaum Effect and Accommodation''. AFB, OH, August. 1996.

19.   USAF Armstrong Aerospace Med. Res. LAB, Wright-Patterson, ''Visual Requirements for Virtual Environment Generation''. AFB, OH, March. 1996.

20.   ''Synesthesia'', Presented at SuperComputing '95 International Meeting, San Diego, December, 1995.

21.   Meta-Generics Limited, ''The CAVE Virtual Environment''. Cambridge, England, July, 1995.

22.   Identica Limited, ''Design using Virtual Environments''. London, England, June, 1995.

23.   Queen Mary and Westfield College, ''Training in Virtual Environments''. London, England, May 1995.

24.   Workshop on Future Directions of Human-Computer Interaction, ''The CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment: Characteristics and Applications'', April 25-27, Hampton, VA, 1995.

25.   E2-Sense: Electronic Enhancement of Sensory Dead Space.  Defense Science Research Council. Arlington, VA. 3/28/2013

 

 

Biographical Sketch

 

Dr. Kenyon received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rhode Island, in 1970, a M.S. degree in Bioengineering from the University of Illinois, Chicago, in 1972, and a Ph.D. in Physiological Optics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1978. From 1979 to 1986, he was a faculty member of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge and Harvard Medical School - Whitaker Health Sciences and Technology Joint Programs. He is currently a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. From 2000-2002 he was a visiting Associate Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle. In 2006, he was a visiting Research Associate at the College de France, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, working with Prof. Alain Berthoz. His research has spanned the areas of sensory-motor adaptation, effects of micro-gravity on vestibular development, visuo-motor and posture control, flight simulation, virtual environments, computer graphics, Tele-immersion and sensory/motor integration for navigation and wayfinding.

 

While at MIT he was a collaborator on several Space Shuttle experiments that studied the effects of micro-gravity on human/animal orientation: Spacelab-1, German Space-lab (D-1), and STS-29 (''Chix in Space''). He also developed and delivered an interactive visual display system to produce simulator-like experiences for AF pilots undergoing training at Brooks AFB centrifuge and disorientation trainers. For this AF funded research, both hardware and software was designed to present the pilots with an interactive wide-field-of-view computer-generated imagery superior to the current day head mounted displays. He also was originator, director, and one of the three instructors that taught one of the first flight simulator courses in the country designed for professionals (MIT's summer session program).

 

His work at UIC has concentrated on virtual environments (VEs) with his involvement with the CAVE. He was co-PI on two NSF grants that were instrumental in the development of the CAVE. He also has been a major contributor to understanding how limitations of a VE system (such as the CAVE) can affect human behavior. Other work has examined human performance in VEs and how to quantify the use of VEs for training and collaboration. This work was performed using stand-alone CAVE applications and also in networked (i.e., tele-immersive) applications using a variety of networks from ISDN to the latest international networks (STARTAP). Some of this work has been specifically aimed at analyzing and improving the performance of distributed VEs themselves by understanding the characteristics of the connecting networks and modeling both the CAVE and the network using Petri-nets. Other modeling work focused on humans were he and his students developed a system identification tool based on Kalman filters that can be used to estimate in real-time the delay and model coefficients of a human operator and how these characteristics change as the operator's environment is changed.

 

His work on applications of VE to biocybernetics, which is being carried out at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, involves the coupling of robots to VE and the integration of visual and motion information in maintaining erect posture. The VE-Robot systems are being used to explore new methods that will aid in the rehabilitation of stroke survivors. Specifically, these systems are being used to apply both visual and haptic information in combinations that help the stroke patient regain control of affected limbs [arm motion]. The application of VE and posture platform motion has been used to examine how young healthy individuals, elderly, and those with a loss of vestibular function combine visual and motion information to maintain erect posture. The use of complex visual scenes with physical motion has allowed the exploration of how these individuals integrate information from these sensors in the physical world. Some emerging research is investigating the integration of visual and kinesthetic information utilized to find locations in unfamiliar environments. His most recent work has explored the use of visual and kinesthetic information in the process of navigation. By manipulating the visual and haptic information during navigation tasks, our understanding of how navigation is processed will be explored.