A sliding block puzzle consists of a number of pieces that fit into a confined area. The goal is to move one of the pieces to a specific position. This piece will be called the "goal piece". The goal can only be acheived by moving all of the pieces is a certain specified order of moves. Each piece may be restricted in the direction that it can move.
Consider the following puzzle:
| 1 | 2 | ||
| 3 | 4 | ||
| Z | 5 | ||
| 6 | 7 | ||
The puzzle contains 8 pieces. The piece labeled "Z" is the "goal piece". This piece must be moved to the right hand edge of the puzzle. In this puzzle all pieces can move any direction we wish (left/right or up/down). One solution is to move piece 4 left one space, then move piece 7 up 3 spaces and left 1 space, then move piece 5 right one space then up 2 spaces, then finally move piece Z right 2 spaces. The result looks like this:
| 1 | 2 | 7 | 5 |
| 3 | 4 | ||
| Z | |||
| 6 | |||
Your program is to find the shortest solution for these types of puzzles. The solution will always have the goal piece move to the right hand side of the puzzle grid (i.e. once the goal piece moves into the last column). Your program is take a command line argument that will contain the name of a data file containing the needed information about the puzzle. The output of the puzzle will be a sequences of moves that give the shortest solutions.
The solution is to be given as an ordered list of moves. Each move is to show the Piece moved, the direction (up, down, left or right) and the number of spaces moved in that direction. The solution for the above puzzle is as follows:
| 1. | Piece 4 | left | 1 space |
| 2. | Piece 7 | up | 3 spaces |
| 3. | Piece 7 | left | 1 space |
| 4. | Piece 5 | right | 1 space |
| 5. | Piece 5 | up | 2 space |
| 6. | Piece Z | right | 2 space |
The shortest solution will have the fewest number of moves. Note that there could be multiple shortest solutions for a puzzle. Finding any one of these shortest solutions is good enough for this programming assignment. The above solution could have reversed moves 3 & 4 and still have been the shortest solution. Your program is to treat the following as 1 move:
| 2. | Piece 7 | up | 3 spaces |
while the following is considered 3 moves:
| 2. | Piece 7 | up | 1 space |
| 3. | Piece 7 | up | 1 space |
| 4. | Piece 7 | up | 1 space |
The input for a puzzle will always come from a file.
If a piece would fall outside of the puzzle grid, have an invalid direction of movement, or overlap with another piece, an appropriate error message should be printed and the piece should be discarded from the puzzle (i.e. don't quit the program). If the goal piece is listed incorrectly, the first correctly listed piece becomes the goal piece. The upper left corner of the grid has row = 1 and column = 1. The input for the above puzzle would be as follows:
4 4 3 1 2 1 b 1 1 1 1 b 1 2 1 1 b 2 1 1 1 b 2 3 2 1 b 3 3 1 2 b 4 1 2 1 b 4 4 1 1 bNote that the names of the pieces are not specied in the input file. The goal piece will always have the name of "Z". The next nine pieces will have the names from "1" to "9". The next 26 pieces will be given names using the lower case letters from "a" to "z". The next 25 pieces will be given names using the upper case letters from "A" to "Y" (since "Z" is already in use). If the file has more than 61 pieces, come up with some additional naming scheme. You can assume a puzzle will have less than 128 pieces. The actual file is here in the file "mp4a.data". Other data files are:
It is possible that a puzzle may have no solution. Your output from the program should be written to standard output and should consist of four parts:
****** *12 * *3 44* *ZZ5 * *6657* ******Perhaps using periods instead of spaces makes this a bit more readable:
****** *12..* *3.44* *ZZ5.* *6657* ******Of course, this grid is less readable if the grid so large that it causes line wrap (but this is not the programmer's problem).
****** *1275* *3445* *..ZZ* *66..* ******
For 15 points extra credit, allow an optional flag to be read in from the command line. The flag is "-h". This flag will cause output to be placed in an html file as well as to the normal output to standard output. The html filename will be the same as the input data filename with the file extension of ".html". The output in the html file should contain the same information as the standard ouput, but it should be formatted better. The grid(s) in this html file should use html tag of <table> as was shown in the write-up of this assignment. The list of moves should show the information is some neat arrangement. How you do this is left completely up to you (do not expect hints from either the instructor or the TA).
Your program is to take full advantage of the C++ Standard Template Library. This library contains classes for a number of data structures that can be used in solving this problem. The idea is "why write your own code if someone else already has done it". This is not to be taken to the extreme of "borrowing code" from fellow class members. Your program may not use the C style struct for any user defined data types.
To store your data, you will need to create a class to hold each piece. The puzzle will be a collection of these pieces. Since the number of pieces is unknown, this should be dynamic. The use of the Standard Template Library (STL) classes of vector or list would be a good choice here. When trying to find the shortest number of moves, the breadth-first search algorithm will work. Since the breadth-first search uses a queue, the use of the STL class of queue is good choice when implementing a breadth-first search.
A good algorithm to solve this problem is to create a class that will hold a "snapshot" of the puzzle. A snapshot is to contain all needed information about the "current" state of the puzzle. The current state is the current position of all pieces in the puzzle and what moves it took to reach the current state from the initial state. So the snapshot needs two main sets of data: the pieces with their positions and a list of moves. The initial state/snapshot is the position of the pieces as given in the input file and zero moves (an empty move list). Then all of the snapshots that could be created from moving a single piece from the initial snapshot are added onto a queue (be sure to add the move information to the list of moves). If moving the piece causes piece Z to move to the right-most column of the puzzle, the puzzle is solved and the move list which contains the solution is printed. Then the first snapshot is removed from the queue and all of the snapshots that could be created from moving a single piece from this snapshot are added onto the queue. If we attempt to remove a snapshot from the queue and the queue is empty, the puzzle has no solution.
Of course, we have to make sure that arrangement of pieces only is added onto the queue one time; otherwise, we may get into an infinite loop. One way yo do this is to create a simplified version of the current layout of the pieces and to store and compare this simplified version using an STL set. One way to create a simplied version is to create a string from the puzzle. The string would have (# of rows)x(# of column) characters and the first (row-length)-th character would have the piece names from the first row (using a space character for an empty position in the puzzle. , the second (row-length)-th characters would have the piece names from the second row... For example the initial puzzle from above would have the following 16 character string:
"12 3 44ZZ5 6657"and the solution of the puzzle would have the following 16 character string:
"12753445 ZZ66 "This idea is nice, since comparisons are already defined for strings, we don't have to make up some complicated algorithm to determine if two snapshots have all of their pieces in the same positions.
What are the possible first moves from the initial puzzle shown above? The first piece I would check would be the Z piece, since moving that piece determines if the puzzle is solved and if a solution is found, the remaining pieces don't have to be moved. The following is a piece by piece listing of the first moves from the inital puzzle:
This program will require the use of multiple source code files and separate compilation. The division of the subroutines between the multiple source code files must be logical. One suggestion would be to have each class in its own file (or one file with all classes) and the command interface code in another source code file. Note: a "source code file" is not the same as a "header file". Source code files will have a file extension of .c (or .cpp, .C, .CC, etc.), while a header file will have a file extension of .h. To perform separate compilation, your makefile must separately compile the source code files into ".o" files and then link the ".o" files together. Using a #include statement with a source code file (a .c file) will NOT satisfy a requirement of separate compilation.
In addition to using and submitting a makefile, this program will also require a 1-2 page write up of the data structures used in the program and the logical division of your program into multiple source code files (i.e. which routines are where). Remember that this write-up is to be written in ASCII format and is to be electronically turned in with your program. The name of this file should be "readme.txt". Also recall that your program will be given to another student to write a critique. Therefore, it is suggested that you do not include your Social Security Number in your program. Instead use your name and your CS User ID to identify yourself.
Your program must be written in good programming style. This includes (but is not limited to) meaningful identifier names, a file header at the beginning of each source code file, a function header at the beginning of the function, proper use of blank lines and indentation to aide in the reading of your code, explanatory "value-added" in-line comments, etc.
The work you turn in must be 100% your own. You are not allowed to share code with any other person (inside this class or not). You may discuss the project with other persons; however, you may not show any code you write to another person nor may you look at any other person's written code.
You are to submit this project using the CS Department's UNIX machine's turnin command. The project name for this assignment is mp4. Be sure to submit all source code, header files, makefile as well as your program description. Failure to turnin all required pieces will result in a lower grade for the assignment.